The Full Scientific Paper
The classic funnel model connects the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgements and references into one coherent scholarly narrative.
Scientific Writing Guide
Paper Essentials
Two complementary visual guides to the structure, logic and rhetorical flow of a scientific paper, with emphasis on the abstract, introduction and discussion.
Abstract, Introduction and Discussion
The abstract provides a compact snapshot, the introduction narrows from context to the research objective, and the discussion expands from the findings toward interpretation, implications and limitations.
Abstract
State the problem, indicate the methodology, present the principal findings and end with the main conclusion.
Introduction
Establish the territory, identify the research gap, define the objective and briefly announce the study approach.
Discussion
Interpret the findings, compare them with prior research, explain implications, acknowledge limitations and support the conclusions.